Risk and benefit in food and additives.
نویسنده
چکیده
Every human activity can be looked at from the point of view of risks and benefit, though we often have difficulty in deciding on an agreed definition for these terms. For risks of death and disease a few principles can be formulated, keeping in mind as our standard examples the risks of ski-ing, smoking, pregnancy, accidents to workers on a building site or in deep sea fishing, or risks in war (Starr, 1969). In modem society we all take risks every time we cross a street or drive a car. From consideration of the risks which we accept we can see what distinguishes acceptable from unacceptable risks (Lowrance, 1976; Sinclair, Marstrand & Newick, 1972). We consider it a reproach if some easily avoided risk is left concealed so that individuals are not able to take avoiding action, and for unavoidable risks, such as those attendant on childbirth, we try to provide services to all members of the community, so that gross discrepancies of risk do not face some women in comparison with others. A high social gradient where poor persons are heavily at risk, is rightly regarded as a reproach to the organization of society. This concept of spreading the risk is linked to the question of ‘who benefits’. If the available resources of society, such as maternity hospitals or neonatal care, are unevenly distributed, then some individuals benefit, leaving others at risk. Many occupations carry a high risk: deep sea fishing, ship building, coal mining, and construction work all have an excess of injury and death from accidents. In 1973 there were 231 fatal accidents in the construction industry, a rate of one death per 5 000 workers per annum and twenty times as high as in chocolate manufacture (HM Chief Inspector of Factories, 1974; Hunter, 1976). These risks are voluntarily accepted in one sense, and yet economic pressures drive men to undertake risky
منابع مشابه
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عنوان ژورنال:
- The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
دوره 36 1 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 1977